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The ''Shiva Sutras'' (IAST: ) or ' are fourteen verses that organize the phonemes of Sanskrit as referred to in the of , the foundational text of Sanskrit grammar. Within the tradition they are known as the ', "recitation of phonemes," but they are popularly known as the ''Shiva Sutras'' because they are said to have been revealed to Pāṇini by Shiva. They were either composed by Pāṇini to accompany his ' or predate him. The latter is less plausible, but the practice of encoding complex rules in short, mnemonic verses is typical of the sutra style. ==Text== Each verse consists of a group of basic Sanskrit phonemes (i.e. open syllables consisting either of initial vowels or of consonants followed by the ''basic'' vowel "a") followed by a single 'dummy letter' or ''anubandha'', conventionally rendered by capital letters in Roman transliteration. This allows Pāṇini to refer to groups of phonemes with '','' which consist of a phoneme-letter and an ''anubandha'' (and often the vowel ''a'' to aid pronunciation) and signify all of the intervening phonemes ''Pratyāhāras'' are thus single syllables, but they can be declined (see Aṣṭādhyāyī 6.1.77 below). Hence ''aL'' refers to all phonemes (because it consists of the first phoneme ''a'' and the last ''anubandha'' ''L''); ''aC'' refers to vowels (i.e., all of the phonemes before the ''anubandha'' ''C'': ''a i u ṛ ḷ e o ai au''); ''haL'' to consonants, and so on. Note that some ''pratyāhāras'' are ambiguous. The ''anubandha'' ''Ṇ'' occurs twice in the list, which means that you can assign two different meanings to ''pratyāhāra'' ''aṆ'' (including or excluding ''ṛ'', etc.); in fact, both of these meanings are used in the ''Aṣṭādhyāyī''. On the other hand, the ''pratyāhāra'' ''haL'' is always used in the meaning "all consonants"---Pāṇini never uses ''pratyāhāras'' to refer to sets consisting of a single phoneme. From these 14 verses, a total of 281 ''pratyāhāras'' can be formed: 14 *3 + 13 *2 + 12 *2 + 11 *2 + 10 *4 + 9 *1 + 8 *5 + 7 *2 + 6 *3 * 5 *5 + 4 *8 + 3 *2 + 2 *3 +1 *1, minus 14 (as Pāṇini does not use single element ''pratyāhāras'') minus 10 (as there are 10 duplicate sets due to ''h'' appearing twice); the second multiplier in each term represents the number of phonemes in each. But Pāṇini uses only 41 (with a 42nd introduced by later grammarians, ''raṆ''=''r l'') ''pratyāhāras'' in the ''Aṣṭādhyāyī''. The Shiva Sutras put phonemes with a similar manner of articulation together (so sibilants in 13 ''śa ṣa sa R,'' nasals in 7 ''ñ m ṅ ṇ n M''). Economy (Sanskrit: ) is a major principle of their organization, and it is debated whether Pāṇini deliberately encoded phonological patterns in them (as they were treated in traditional phonetic texts called Prātiśakyas) or simply grouped together phonemes which he needed to refer to in the ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' and which only ''secondarily'' reflect phonological patterns (as argued by (Paul Kiparsky ) and (Wiebke Petersen ), for example). Pāṇini does not use the Shiva Sutras to refer to homorganic stops (stop consonants produced at the same place of articulation), but rather the ''anubandha'' ''U'': to refer to the palatals ''c ch j jh'' he uses ''cU''. As an example, consider ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' 6.1.77: ''iKo yaṆ aCi'': * ''iK'' means ''i u ṛ ḷ'', * ''iKo'' is ''iK'' in the genitive case, so it means ' in place of ''i u ṛ ḷ''; * ''yaṆ'' means the semivowels ''y v r l'' and is in the nominative, so ''iKo yaṆ'' means: ''y v r l'' replace ''i u ṛ ḷ''. * ''aC'' means all vowels, as noted above * ''aCi'' is in the locative case, so it means ''before any vowel''. Hence this rule replaces a vowel with its corresponding semivowel when followed by any vowel, and that is why dadhi together with atra makes dadhyatra. To apply this rule correctly we must be aware of some of the other rules of the grammar, such as: *1.1.49 ''ṣaṣṭhii sthaneyogaH'' that shows that the genitive case in a sutra shows what is to be replaced *1.1.50 ''sthane 'ntaratamaH'' that shows that the substitute of i is the semivowel that most closely resembles i, namely 'y' *1.1.71 ''aadir antyena sahetaa'' that shows that ''i'' with the K at the end stands for ''i u ṛ ḷ'' because the Shiva sutras read ''i u ṛ ḷ K''. Also, rules can be debarred by other rules. Rule 6.1.101 ''akas savarNe dīrghaH'' teaches that when the two vowels are alike a long vowel is substituted for both, so dadhi and indraH make dadhīndraH not *dadhyindraH. The ''akas savarṇe dīrghaH'' rule takes precedence over the ''iKo yaṆ aCi'' rule because the ''akas'' is more specific. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shiva Sutras」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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